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A personalised cancer vaccine improves survival and stops disease from spreading, a large trial has found.

The experimental vaccine was given to patients with deadly skin cancer melanoma, which kills more than 2,000 people in the UK each year.

While results from the final-stage trial have not been published yet, its makers Moderna and Merck said it has been successful, causing shares to rocket.

The vaccine helps the immune system recognise cancer cells and respond better to treatment, raising hopes that a new generation of tailor-made treatments could benefit thousands of people.

The trial involved 1,000 patients with high-risk melanoma - the deadliest type of skin cancer - who had already undergone surgery.

It was given alongside Keytruda, an immunotherapy drug already prescribed by the NHS for a dozen types of cancer.

The companies say the combination - compared with Keytruda alone - significantly extended the time patients remained cancer-free, as well as reducing the risk of the disease spreading to other parts of the body.

A detailed breakdown of the results is not set to be released until later this year.

Results from an smaller trial published earlier this year showed adding the vaccine Intismeran to standard immunotherapy treatment can slash the risk of recurrence or death by 49 per cent

Moderna chief executive Stéphane Bancel called the new findings 'a pivotal moment for the field of cancer research'.

The jab, developed by pharmaceutical giants Moderna and Merck, is intended for patients with high-risk melanoma – the deadliest type of skin cancer – who have already undergone surgery

He added: ‘For many years, the idea of creating an mRNA treatment designed specifically for an individual patient’s cancer was aspirational. We are now helping turn that vision into a reality.’

Shares in Moderna soared yesterday by more than 150 per cent in New York, following the announcement.

More than 20,000 people in the UK are diagnosed with melanoma every year – with numbers expected to climb by more than 25 per cent by 2040.

Half of those with the disease will die within a year if it is diagnosed at stage 4, when it has already spread throughout the body, and is much harder to treat.

The latest trial saw more than 1,000 patients with advanced melanoma given the experimental jab – called Intismeran.

The vaccine uses mRNA – the same technology used by both the Pfizer and Moderna covid vaccines.

Unlike conventional vaccines, which are designed to prevent infection, the new treatment is made individually for each patient.

Tumour samples removed from patients are used to identify specific cancer cell mutations, which are then encoded into mRNA – a vital molecule used as the body's genetic messenger.

Once injected back into the body, engineered mRNA strands teach the immune system to recognise and attack any tumour cells that remain.

Earlier results from smaller phase 2 trials found that the drug combination reduced the risk of melanoma returning or patients dying by 49 per cent.

It also detailed several side effects from the vaccine, including fatigue, injection site pain and chills.

Alongside melanoma, the pharmaceutical giants are testing similar personalised vaccines for bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.

If regulators approve the treatment, Moderna says it hopes it could reach patients as early as next year. Questions over the extent of the benefit provided by the vaccine, its side-effects and the cost and complexity of manufacturing personalised doses at scale still remain, however.

Dr Lennard Lee, associate professor at the University of Oxford and senior national clinical adviser on cancer vaccines yesterday called the findings 'significant'.

'This is the first positive Phase III trial of an individualised neoantigen therapy and an mRNA-based cancer treatment,' he said.

'That makes this an important moment for a field that scientists have been working towards for many years. Within 6 years of the pandemic, we have mRNA vaccines to treat cancer.

'We should now look forward to seeing the complete data. We do not yet have the magnitude of the Phase III benefit, the detailed subgroup analyses, quality-of-life data or mature overall-survival results.

'Those details will allow the scientific and clinical community to understand precisely how large the benefit is, which patients benefit most, and ultimately where this treatment might sit within routine melanoma care.'