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Scientists have used Artificial Intelligence to design new viruses capable of killing cells in the laboratory.
It marks the first time that the new technology has been used to successfully generate whole genomes, or the full set of genetic instructions needed to build a working organism.
Supporters of the work said it offered hope for developing new treatments, but critics quickly warned it raised 'urgent' safety and security concerns.
In their study, researchers at Stanford University, California, used the technology to create a genome for a virus that infects bacteria.
The AI suggested thousands of genomes, and the researchers created 302 in the lab before exposing them to bacteria.
Overall, 16 of the viruses suggested by the AI were able to kill E.coli.
The viruses they created were bacteriophages, which only infect bacteria and are not able to infect human, animal or plant cells.
Revealing the results, Dr Brian Hie, a chemical engineer behind the research, said: 'In this case, we wanted the model to generate the entire genome end-to-end in a single left-to-right pass. We didn't add anything.'
Scientists have used AI to design a new virus that was capable of infecting other cells
The research was published alongside an accompanying article warning over the potential risks of the advance.
Written by Johns Hopkins experts Dr Thomas Inglesby and Dr Maurice Hanke, it warned: 'Although this is promising for life sciences applications, it also raises urgent biosafety and biosecurity questions.
'The ability to compose viral genomes using generative AI now exists; the governance to safely steer it does not.'
For the research, published in Science, scientists used the AI tools Evo1 and Evo2.
These work in a similar way to large language model chatbots ChatGPT and Grok, except they have been trained on genetic codes rather than written text.
Researchers trained the models on two million genomes for bacteriophages, and then tasked them to create new potential genomes.
Scientists synthesized the AI-made genomes in the lab and put them into petri dishes containing E.coli, prompting the bacteria to start making copies of the viruses.
Petri dishes were then monitored to establish whether the bacteriophages had started to attack and kill the bacteria.
Samuel King, a PhD student in the lab, told the BBC: 'We were starting to see these clear spots and it was just extremely exciting.'
They wrote in the paper: 'This work provides a blueprint for the design of diverse synthetic bacteriophages and useful biological systems at the genome scale.'
Scientists said bacteriophages have one of the smallest genomes known, making them much easier to create.
They said, however, that the work was a step towards AI being used for more advanced research.
Dr Patrick Cai, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the UK, said: 'While these are relatively small bacteriophage genomes, the significance extends far beyond phages.
'It suggests that genome language models are beginning to learn the design principles encoded by evolution, opening the door to AI-assisted genome writing.